Susan B Anthony

Susan B. Anthony 1820 – 1906 Through her accomplishments and persistent dedication to â€Å"the cause†, the woman suffrage movement, Susan B. Anthony became one of the most historically significant figures in American history. Her life long fight for women’s rights led to the 1920 passage of the Nineteenth Amendment. Born in 1820, Susan was one of six children to Daniel and Lucy Anthony. Daniel, a 6th generation Quaker, believed in equal treatment for boys and girls.Although in the 1800’s most girls did not receive a formal education, because of her father’s belief of equality, all four of the Anthony girls were given the same opportunity as their two brothers and was able to attend a private Quaker boarding school in Philadelphia (World Book Encyclopedia). The temperance movement, anti-slavery movement and women’s rights were some of the reform movements that the Anthony family was very active in. Her knowledge and involvement with these mov ements became the foundation on which she built her life. In 1852, Ms.Anthony attended a Sons of Temperance state convention and because she is a woman she was not allowed to speak in the temperance rally, instead she was told to â€Å"listen and learn†. Due to her experience at this state convention as well as her meeting with Elizabeth C. Stanton, she attended her first women’s rights convention. It was at this convention that Anthony was quoted saying â€Å"that the right which woman needed above every other, the one indeed which would secure to her all the others, was the right of suffrage† (Linder 2011, pg 1).Both Stanton and Anthony advocated and worked for reforms for their sex, including property rights, custody rights, and the right to education and gainful employment (Hartmann 2012, pg 600). Susan B. Anthony along with her friend Elizabeth C. Stanton founded the National Woman’s Suffrage Association in 1869, where they worked together, for women ’s suffrage, for over fifty years. The year 1872 brought and event to Susan’s life that in turn would create a opportunity for her to spread her argument for women suffrage to a much wider audience than ever before.She argued, wherever possible, that the Fourteenth Amendment said that â€Å"all persons born and naturalized in the United States†¦ are citizens of the United States† and citizens were entitled to â€Å"privileges† and Susan proclaimed that those privileges included the right to vote. So in November o 1872, in her home town of Rochester, New York, Susan and a group of fifty women walked into a voter registration office and demanded to be registered as voters.Election inspectors refused but Anthony did not give up and after much discussion between the elections officials and Anthony’s persistence, it was voted two to one to accept her vote. Susan had the satisfaction of casting her ballot into the ballot box on November 5, 1872 and wrote a letter to her close friend Elizabeth Stanton, telling her of the accomplishment. However, just days later, on November 14, 1872 a warrant for Anthony’s arrest was issued. The charge was that Anthony voted in a federal election â€Å"without having a lawful right to vote and in violation of section 19 of an act of Congress† (Linder 2001, pg 3).On January 24, 1873, a grand jury of twenty men returned an indictment against Anthony and charged her with â€Å"knowingly, wrongfully, and unlawfully† voting for a member of Congress. On June 17, 1873, Anthony’s trial began. Though the lawyers for Anthony argued that she reasonably believed that she was entitled to vote and therefore could not be held guilty for the crime of knowingly casting an illegal vote. Her lawyer even called himself to the witness stand to testify on her behalf. He explained that she called upon him seeking legal advice as to whether she was or was not a legal voter.Henry Selden, Ant hony’s attorney, stated that he â€Å"unhesitatingly† informed her that the laws and Constitution of the United States authorize her to vote as well as they authorize any man to vote. As the trial moved forward, Selden continued to argue the Anthony cast a legal vote by the definitions of the Fourteenth Amendment and stressed that she was prosecuted purely on account of her gender. The Fourteenth Amendment explains what constitutes citizenship, securing the rights of citizens to â€Å"all person born of naturalized in the United States†.Selden concluded his argument by insisting that even if the Fourteenth Amendment did not make her vote legal, that she could not be prosecuted because she acted in good faith and believe that her vote was in fact, legal. Though her legal fight was a sound one, Anthony was ultimately found guilty and ordered her to pay a fine of one hundred dollars and the fees of the prosecution. Anthony never paid a penny of her fine. In fact, s he submitted a petition to the United States Congress in January of 1874, asking for the fine to be remitted on the grounds that her conviction was unjust.Congress never acted on Anthony’s petition, but Congress also did not make an effort to ever collect the fine. Even after her arrest, Susan B. Anthony continued her fight for women’s rights. She began a speaking tour giving a lecture she called â€Å"Is it a Crime for a Citizen of the United States to Vote? † She gave 75-100 speeches a year, over a span of forty-five years, traveling throughout the United States and continuing to fight the battle- when all United States citizens shall be recognized as equals before the law. Although Susan B.Anthony passed away before getting to rejoice in the passing of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, which gave women the right to vote, it goes without saying that Susan B. Anthony was and forever will be a significant woman in American History. The path that she laid down fo r women’s rights was a long one but one that she never refused to give up on. Because of her commitment to â€Å"the cause† and her persistent struggle and battle for women’s suffrage, she is known for her pivotal role in paving the way to have women’s rights instituted into the American government. ?

Literary Analysis of Virginia Wolfe’s, Professions for Women

Fueled by the frustration of the masculine control that dominated her era, Virginia Woolf displayed her deepest feelings of oppression in her essay â€Å"Professions for Women†. Written in 1931, â€Å"Professions for Women† shows the internal conflict many women battled fiercely with when living their everyday lives. Woolf tells a story of a figurative â€Å"Angel in the House†, which is a stereotypical woman of the Victorian era and her efforts to break free from this stereotypical template. Woolf felt that for women to show men their true potential, they must wander beyond what society expects them to be and become an individual. Virginia Woolf’s skillful utilization of metaphorical diction and repetitious phrases help present her ideals to the reader while remaining rhetorically efficient. The â€Å"Angel in the House† example was referred to in numerous occasions in â€Å"Professions for Women†. The Angel was â€Å"charming†, â€Å"sympathetic† and â€Å"sympathetic† all qualities of a stereotypical woman in the Victorian era. Woolf’s diction implied dislike towards the Angel, stating â€Å"it was she who bothered me and wasted my time and so tormented me that at last I killed her†. Yet through extensive criticism, Woolf still referred to the Angel as â€Å"pure† and spoke of her good characteristics. The Angel in the House was a good thing and a bad thing. Good because all of her qualities were quite positive and seemed like a nice person, but bad because inadvertently, all these caring characteristics were holding women back from becoming their own individual. Instead of being an independent thinker, the Angel depended on men to support her and did not hesitate to serve them. The Angel would torment Woolf, telling her â€Å"Never let anybody guess you have a mind of your own† and because of the Angel’s messages; Woolf was forced to metaphorically â€Å"kill† the Angel to be able to think for herself. The Angel encompassed everything Woolf wanted to avoid; a naive, oblivious woman who was undermined by her masculine counterparts. Virginia Woolf wanted to create a profound effect on the readers of her work and her words reflect that goal. To solidify and strengthen some of her argument, Woolf took advantage of repeating phrases. When describing the Angel Woolf states, â€Å"She was immensely charming. She was utterly unselfish. She excelled in the difficult arts of family life. She sacrificed herself daily†. Woolf chose to use repetitious phrases and anaphors to reinforce the qualities of the Angel. If Woolf had simply listed the characteristics of he Angel, the description would have been weakened and less meaningful. Woolf uses a polymerization of two strategies to emphasize her purpose in the conclusion of her work â€Å"†¦how are you going to decorate it? With whom are you going to share it, and upon what terms†? Repeating rhetorical questions supplements her argument and provokes thought within the reader, which was Woolf’s goal from the beginning. Even though it was written in a n entirely different era, â€Å"Professions for Women† has many components that can be compared to live in the 21st century. Woolf was tied between two internal personas; the stereotypical, feeble minded woman (The Angel) and an independent, intellectually skilled writer and â€Å"Professions for Women† explores her internal battle with these distinct personalities. Purposefully, Wolf wanted to show that women could be independent and relinquish themselves from the mold society created. In today’s age we must ponder within ourselves; why as a society do we feel we must create models for people to follow? Can they make groups feel inferior to others?

Innovation in Nursing Education Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Innovation in Nursing Education - Term Paper Example This research highlights that in the 21st century context, nursing operations have become quite significant and complex. With this concern, nurse educators have a vital part to ensure that they are preparing the nurses effectively for future. Nursing education must be modified so as to prepare nurses who can fulfill the upcoming health care requirements. In present days, nurse education requires developing technological understanding besides the nursing talents. Nurses are the forefront users of technology. As technological applications has turned out to be an essential part of patient care, nurses have improved their scope of practice acquiring knowledge and practical experience in the field of using electronic information in education. Technology has transformed the connection between nurses and other health service providers like doctors, physicians, surgeons and so on. The inclusion of technology in nursing education practices can be observed since World War II. Nursing education concerns about the nature and the application of technological devices. In the period of 1870s and 1940s technology had triumphed in nursing practices. During that time, nursing practice was renovated by new technical devices like thermometer, electrocardiograph machine, stethoscope, X-ray and microscope. This enhanced the reliability of medical analysis leading towards the overall betterment of medical treatment and effective relationship between doctors and patients. With respect to the historical perspective, the technology is continuously changing in nursing education and practices. ... In the technological era nurses face significant challenges with respect to learning and employing. Information technology (IT) influences the manner in which nurses are educated and practice patient care. Furthermore, improvements in IT have also become an essential part of development and continuous education in nursing. Nurse educators have begun to employ informatics applications to assist the nurses. For instance, nurse educators can provide instruction through web-oriented sessions combined with discussion sheets and electronic analysis. Nursing students are able to search information through websites. But technology has also raised the issues such as privacy and security in the field of nursing. There are multiple viewpoints with respect to technology advances in nursing education. As the nursing education has changed some believe that technology can lead to new excitement, new ability and higher prospect to develop. But others’ view technology as disturbance or risk fo r nursing practice as maximum use of technology can make the nursing occupation obsolete (Rivers & Et. Al., n.d.). Table of Contents Innovation in Nursing Education 1 Abstract 2 Table of Contents 4 Introduction 5 Literature Review 6 Historical Perspective of Technology in Nursing Education 6 Technological Issues in Nursing Education 8 Issue of Shortage of Educators 9 Safety issue for importing technology 10 Other issues for importing technology in nursing education 11 Discussion 12 Evaluating new frontline 14 Ethical issues in technology 16 Conclusion and recommendation 18 References 21 Introduction Technologies have unlocked several new pathways to assist nurse educators in providing training facilities. The rapid growth of electronic education atmosphere has amplified the

The Problem of Homelessness Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Problem of Homelessness - Research Paper Example In the first article above, The National Healthcare for Homeless Clinician’s Network reckons that substance abuse is a major contributor to homelessness among individuals, with over half of the homeless individuals and 70% of the homeless veterans estimated to be drug addicts. The article asserts that combating drug addictions is an effective way of ending chronic homelessness. In the second article listed above, the Portland Rescue Mission notes addiction as the number one cause of homelessness globally (with 68% of cities in the United States alone reporting addiction as the cause of homelessness). The other nine causes included are domestic violence, mental illness, job loss and underemployment, foreclosure, post-traumatic stress, throw away teens, relational brokenness, and grief and finally despair. In the last article, Eugene Didenko and Nicole Pankratz observe that a plethora of researches and surveys indicate that homeless people have much higher rates of substance use than the general population. In my attempts to put in place a presentation on the benefits of sports for my PSY180 class, I saw it wise to additionally argue against some of the major oppositions to my point of view. The internet provided a suitable source of such information on opposing views. In my attempts to put in place a presentation on the benefits of sports for my PSY180 class, I saw it wise to additionally argue against some of the major oppositions to my point of view. The internet provided a suitable source of such information on opposing views, with Google being my preferred search engine. In addition to the reasons already stated in scenario 2 above, I always opt for Google for its relative convenience, easy use, minimal technical difficulties, issues and problems, the credibility of sources therein and reliability hence. In addition, to further ensure the credibility and reliability of my selected sources, I am keen to note which authors, groups of authors and institutions are behind a given select ed piece.

Tuberous sclerosis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Tuberous sclerosis - Research Paper Example The most common drugs to control brain and kidney tumors are mTOR inhibitors such as sirolimus and everolimus. Screening tests such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), an ultrasound scan, spirometry, echocardiogram and blood tests can help to identify tumors connected with tuberous sclerosis. Appropriate diagnostic and treatment plans are quite necessary for successful health care and support of patients with tuberous sclerosis. Tuberous sclerosis the other name tuberous sclerosis complex(TSC) is a genetic disease. It is characterized by the formation of benign, noncancerous tumors in the different organs of human body such as kidney, lungs, brain, heart, eyes and skin. Benign tumors formed in the human body when function of cell growth is damaged. Abnormal quantity of cells formed an extra mass surrounded by outer layer and cause different negative health defects. The statistics show that the most common benign tumors caused by tuberous sclerosis occur in the brain and in skin in 9 causes between 10; kidney and eyes 8 cases between 10; in kidney 8 cases out of 10 and more rarely in the lungs 4 cases between10 especially in women. Tumors in the brain can cause different neurological defects and abnormal brain function. The most common disorder of the nervous system during tuberous sclerosis is epilepsy. It is a long-term neurological defect that characterized by repeated spasms, convulsions and loss of consciousness. Tumors in the brain can cause different neurological defects.

Obama and Romney 2012 campaigns Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Obama and Romney 2012 campaigns - Assignment Example The author states that using social media to gain attention of the general public is similar to knocking at the doors of the voters. He states that a speech that President Obama conducted in the region of Romnesia was well advertised on social media outlets including Twitter and Facebook and due to this the video of the speech was able to gain more than 0.5 million views. Furthermore, the author states that mostly after the end of the elections those who are with the losing side end up losing their appearance in the eyes of the public. But social media has helped such individuals including Richard Grenell remain relevant even after the elections. The third lesson that the author learned through the Presidential social media campaigns of 2012 was that on the internet political news regarding events and other political stories spread at a very fast pace and people are thirsty to talk politics over the internet. Furthermore, social media marketing has even benefited the candidates of third party. This is because even after the elections the candidate of the Libertarian party can continue to gain attention of the general public and remain engaged with them. The fifth point that the author noted is that it is very difficult to measure which of the political party or the candidate has an upper hand in social media at the time of the campaign. The author states that various metrics used to measure victory on social media have failed. For example, if the number of followers is taken into account to measure victory then the individual making the analysis misses the sentiments and other factors involved. Another important point to note is that social media has the ability to spread any mistakes made by the candidate during the campaign at a very fast pace. These mistakes are highlighted in quite a sarcastic manner. The seventh learning outcome of the campaigns was that the use of GIF images during debates that were used by

Compare two moving image texts the genere gangster flims Essay

Compare two moving image texts the genere gangster flims - Essay Example The main story line of the film is Dick Tracy's efforts to bring down Big Boy Caprice's gangster empire and the search for a mystery assassin known as The Blank. A secondary storyline follows Tracy's romances with Tess Trueheart and Breathless Mahoney. The third sub-plot is Tracy's rescuing a young orphan boy, The Kid, who looks up to Tracy as a father figure. All this becomes quickly tangled when Tracy finds himself framed for the murder of Chicago's beloved (although corrupt) District Attorney, and Caprice's empire begins to take over the city itself. Classical Hollywood cinema has traditionally presented its viewer with a unified narrative. The Untouchablesis a perfect example of this. The film's narrative deals with Treasury Officer Elliot Ness's quest to get criminal Al Capone behind bars. This is a goal that is clearly and explicitly delineated from the start, and most scenes follow the protagonist's actions from that point on. At first he tries to achieve this goal by himself, which leads to failure when he finds out that the rest of the police force is corrupt. As he walks home, depressed about his embarrassing failure, the character of Maloneis introduced. The death of Malone not only has the plot function of strengthening Ness's resolve to catch Capone, it also functions structurally as reinforcement of the audience's sympathy for his quest. When

Summary+Discussion+Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary+Discussion+Question - Essay Example this kind of behavior from any of these countries but the violation of human rights and killings of innocent in Iraq, Afghanistan, Yemen and Pakistan. Terrorism should be confronted in a way that justice is given to everyone and no one is deprived of their liberty to live. Innocent should be protected and culprits should be punished. Terrorism should be confronted like the Norwegians did after the attack in Oslo, not by ding arbitrary arrests and all. Confronting terrorism is showing the world and the terrorists that we have a better option for both the parties and we can solve the issues properly by talks but not by fighting and killing innocent people. Many terrorist organizations have recently shown serious interests in using nuclear weapons for their evil purposes and if used the results could be devastating, killing millions of people around the world. Steps need to be taken by the major organizations and super powers of the world as these threats are not at all fictional but pose a real threat to the world. so far these efforts does not seem to be enough but if proper measures are taken the issue can be resolved. Ans. Hostage taking certainly is an act of terror. If we see the effects of this action on the people that have gone through this experience we will see that they have a long lasting mental and psychological effect on them, affecting their personal and social life. Hostages are kept by terrorists than how could it not be an act of terrorism. Terrorists who have done something wrong and are afraid of being captured and punished keep hostages to flee and continue their activities spreading more terrorism proving that hostage taking is an act of terrorism indeed. BRILL, KENNETH C., and KENNETH N. LUONGO. "Nuclear Terrorism - A Clear Danger - NYTimes.com." NY Times Advertisement. N.p., n.d. Web. 29 Apr. 2012.

Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Literature - Essay Example But when the stories of Oedipus and Othello are examined, we see that though both had defective understanding, their lack of insight lay in different circumstances and character traits. When faced with the scourge of plague, the Chorus in Oedipus Rex reacts with trepidation and indecisiveness: "My fearful heart twists on the rack and shakes with fear./ O Delian healer, for whom we cry aloud/ in holy awe, what obligation/ will you demand from me, a thing unknown/ or now renewed with the revolving years/ Immortal voice, O child of golden Hope, speak to me"! (Sophocles,185-191) But Oedipus is decisive and brave, and decides that he would find a solution for the crisis, and takes it upon himself to solve the whole problem almost single-handedly: " I will begin again; I'll find the truth./The dead man's cause has found a true defender/In Phoebus, and in you. And I will join you/ In seeking vengeance on behalf of Thebes/And Phoebus too; indeed, I must: if I/Remove this taint, it is not for a stranger,/ But for myself:...". (Sophocles,131,137)We see here the number of times the term "I" figures in this verse, and can measure the brash self-confidence of this King. And in this blind self-belief, Oedipus places a curse on the murderer, and though he spells out very closely the possibility that it might be someone from his own household, he makes an open declaration nevertheless: "I lay this curse upon him, that the wretch/In wretchedness and misery may live./And more: if with my knowledge he be found/ To share my hearth and home, then upon me/ Descend that doom that I invoke on him". (Sophocles, 248-252). He thus aggravates his future distress by laying the curse so stridently in public, not acknowledging to himself that he himself may be the murderer he is searching for. To any other person, the similarity of the old prediction about his own fate and the way this murderer is supposed to have acted, would have rung a bell. By now the situation is beyond remedy, of course, because he has unknowingly fulfilled the prophecy, and merely lacks the insight to see it. And at the moment he sees the truth, he blinds himself, quite literally. His uncertain vision lies in the fact that on one hand he heeds the voice of the Gods when they tell him about the plague, but not the one when he hears the dire prediction about himself, in his youth. One wonders what would have happened if Oedipus had not run from those he thought to be his parents, thus trying to avoid the prediction, or stayed his hand at murdering someone over a trifling dispute, or not married an older woman. In avoiding the prediction and not paying heed to it, he made it true, blind self-belief causes his uncertain vision. Shakespeare's Othello on the other hand is trusting, straight and impulsive, which causes his natural judgment to fail in his personal life. As Bradley puts it in extremely specific terms: "Othello's mind, for all its poetry, is very simple. He is not observant. His nature tends outward. He is quite free from introspection, and is not given to reflection. Emotion excites his imagination, but it confuses and dulls his intellect...... His trust, where he trusts, is absolute. Hesitation is almost impossible to him. He is extremely self-reliant, and decides and acts instantaneously. If stirred to indignation, as 'in Aleppo once,' he answers with one lightning stroke. Love, if he loves, must be to him the heaven where

Work and Society People Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Work and Society People - Assignment Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the participation of women in paid market work is increasing day by day. This situation is also experiencing various issues and challenges. These challenges are resulting in the reformation of different policies such as taxation, benefits and health policies. Though the number of women professionals is increasing in the job market, the undeniable responsibilities towards childcare and household works are restricting their contribution towards organizations and career growth. A huge number of women with these kinds of responsibilities are scaling down their employment potency by choosing less challenging works and part-time jobs. The involvement of men in domestic works is increasing day by day. Now a day’s men are providing their share of contribution in the domestic works and they are also spending adequate time with their children than before. There are several reasons behind these role changes such as economic pressure, increas ed time pressure on working women and attitude changes in terms of gender role. On the other hand, different researches conducted in the UK and US have demonstrated that women are still handling most of the household responsibilities in comparison to men. More involvement of the male partner in domestic works indicates improvement in the job performance of women. It also ensures the increase in women’s capability to accept more job responsibility. Further discussion of the study has also demonstrated the changing scenario of labor distribution between men and women. Gender division in terms of paid market work and domestic labor is a very common site in the developing countries. A statistical report has shown that women are more inclined towards the less paid part-time job while men are focused towards higher paid full-time jobs. The governmental data has represented that near about 27% of part-time workers in the UK are female employees.

A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens Essay Example for Free

A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens Essay Throughout A Tale of Two Cities, Charles Dickens tells the story of several characters, all of who are developed continuously throughout the chapters. Several of the characters are greatly developed, some showing unpredictable sides to their personalities. Sydney Carton is a prime example of such a character, his delicate personality revealed when he declares his love for Lucie. He is not the only character in love with Lucie, however. Throughout Book Two, it is revealed that Stryver and Charles Darnay are also coveting Lucie. Darnay and Carton both announce their love for her, however Carton is the only one who goes directly to Lucie to tell her. In this passage, Carton is asking Lucie to not forget him and to remember that even when she is married and with kids, he will always be there for her to keep her happy. Carton’s declaration of his love for Lucie not only reveals his love and foreshadows his selfless, noble act in the later chapters, but in addition, Dickens’ use of language reveals that Sydney is no longer the â€Å"jackal,† but that he is in fact much more than that – a sensitive man with deep emotions. Dickens’ use of language in this passage brings to light the sincerity in Sydney Carton, changing the mood of the reader towards him, and the words that Dickens uses to make Carton express himself allows Carton to truly show his desire for Lucie. When Carton says, â€Å"for you, and for any dear to you, I would do anything,† Dickens is emphasizing the fact that Carton is dedicated to her. Throughout the passage, he continuously repeats phrases including the word you, such as when he states â€Å"I would embrace any sacrifice for you and for those dear to you.† As a result of emphasizing Carton’s love for Lucie, Dickens creates an immense feeling of sympathy for the reader, as the dedication for Lucie is expressed so eloquently. The fact that Carton accepts this unrequited love by saying â€Å"I will relieve you of a visitor with whom I well know you have nothing in unison, and between whom and you there is an impassable space† creates even more comp assion for Carton because even though it is known that Lucie does not reciprocate his feelings, it is even more painful to watch as he simply walks away from the woman he loves. In addition to uncovering Carton’s true love for Lucie, Dickens uses irony to show the eloquent Carton that contrasts with the drunken Carton of the previous chapters. The chapter to which this passage belongs to is titled â€Å"The Fellow of No Delicacy,† which is ironic because although perhaps Carton was not delicate in the preceding chapters, in this passage he is nothing but eloquent and delicate. He remarks â€Å"try to hold me in your mind, at some quiet times, as ardent and sincere in this one thing,† a great example of his eloquence, which once again causes the reader to develop sympathy for him, since the language he is using so differs from his previous drunken language à ¯Ã‚ ¨203). Carton’s eloquence really shines through in this passage, even though it contrasts with the chapter title and Dickens creates sympathy and tenderness towards Sydney Carton. Because Sydney Carton is put down, not only by others but by himself as well, throughout the entire first half of the second book, when he declares his love for Lucie in such an unselfish and loving manner, it changes how Carton is viewed. Since Stryver takes all the credit for being successful even though Carton does all the work, it is written, â€Å"†¦although Sydney Carton would never be a lion, he was an amazingly good jackal† à ¯Ã‚ ¨116). Carton even describes himself to Darnay as â€Å"I am a disappointed drudge, sir I care for no man on earth, and no man on earth cares for me,† exhibiting Carton’s own self-pity and sadness for the world à ¯Ã‚ ¨113). However, with this passage, Sydney Carton causes any reader to fully disregard any judgments made for his character. Dickens previously portrayed him as this unfortunate man without anything to live for, but now it is revealed that Carton does indeed have someone to live for – Lucie and her happi ness. This passage causes all previous opinions about Sydney Carton to be discarded, as now Sydney Carton is no longer the jackal, but he has turned into the lion. In addition to revealing the compassionate and eloquent side of Sydney Carton, this passage is also a moment of foreshadowing for Carton’s noble and unselfish act of sacrificing himself for Lucie’s happiness. What may have seemed to be just talk about how much he loved Lucie turned out to be very, very real. In this passage, Carton declares to Lucie, â€Å"†¦think now and then that there is a man who would give his life, to keep a life you love beside you† à ¯Ã‚ ¨204). In his last moments, Carton visualizes Lucie feeling that â€Å"each was not more honoured and held sacred in the other’s soul, than I was in the souls of both,† referring to the respect and recognition that both Darnay and Lucie give to Carton à ¯Ã‚ ¨500). In this passage, Carton sets up his feelings for her, perhaps knowing that someday he would have the chance to occupy a special place in Lucie’s heart for a noble, heroic act. His â€Å"sacrifice for you and for thos e dear to you† embodies the Charles Dickens’ theme of love overpowering everything. With love, Carton was able to have the strength to sacrifice his life for the happiness of one person he cared about. With love, not jealousy, he was able to ask Darnay, â€Å"I wish we might be friends† à ¯Ã‚ ¨275). While Lucie does not reciprocate Carton’s love, she does defend him in front of Darnay, declaring â€Å"I would ask you†¦to be very generous with him always†¦I would ask you to believe that he has a heart he very, very seldom reveals, and that there are deep wounds in it† à ¯Ã‚ ¨278). By Carton declaring his love for Lucie and being wholly devoted to her, he is not only able to give Lucie a complete family, safe and protected in England, but he is also able to say that â€Å"it is a far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever done; it is a far, far better rest that I go to, than I have ever known,† clearly displaying that through his death, he is gaining all the love and admiration he never had before à ¯Ã‚ ¨500). Sydney Carton is my favorite character of the entire novel. His noble act despite the unrequited love between him and Lucie is such an honorable action, and the fact that he kept true to his word about giving his life â€Å"to keep a life you love beside you† makes him all the more noble à ¯Ã‚ ¨204). I thought that this passage was really a turning point for Sydney Carton’s character, since up to that point he had been very reserved and inarticulate, but when he went to speak to Lucie he became this eloquent speaker, driven by a strong love. From then on, we continue to see Carton’s character develop, creatively seeking out the apothecary for the substances in order for the plan to work. He acted without a moment’s hesitation, and that â€Å"[his face] was the peacefullest man’s face ever beheld there† shows that he had absolutely no regrets about his sacrifice à ¯Ã‚ ¨4à ¯Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¯Ã‚ ¹). To be that calm when he is about to be the newest victim of the Guillotine is a daunting task in itself, but to have someone who would sacrifice his or her life just for someone else’s happiness is beyond imaginable. Therefore, this passage sets the stage for Carton’s ultimate sacrifice, making Carton no longer a â€Å"disappointed drudge,† but a noble hero who goes from being a friend to Darnay and the Manettes to becoming their savior. There is no greater sacrifice that Carton could have made, and for it all to be because he loved Lucie unconditionally is a pretty incredible thing.

Plant Layouts of Production of Isoamyl Alcohol

Plant Layouts of Production of Isoamyl Alcohol PLANT FACILITIES LAYOUT The economic construction and efficient operation of a process unit will depend on how well the plant and equipment specified on the process flow sheet is laid out. A facility is regarded as a building or a precinct. The process units and ancillary buildings should be laid out to give the most economical flow of materials and personnel around the site. Hazardous processes must be located at a safe distance from other buildings. Consideration must also be given to the future expansion of the site. A layout of a building is the map that shows the location of the building around the isoamyl alcohol plant such as car park, cafeteria, mosque, stores, workshop, laboratory and others. The most important place workers need to know is fire assembles point which a designated place where people have been told to wait after evacuating a building in the event of a fire or other emergency. A model facilities layout should be able to provide an ideal relationship between raw materials, equipment, m anpower and final product at minimal cost under safe and comfortable environment. According to Riggs, the overall objective of plant is to design a physical arrangement that most economically meets the requirement output quantity and quality. Irregular plant layout will disturb the flow production and relationship among management and other staff member. The objective of the plant layout is: Provide a systematic process in the plant. Reduce material handling cost. Reduce hazard to personnel. Increase employee morale. Reduce accident in the plant. To provide optimum space to organize equipment and facilitate movements of goods. Figure 1: Plant layout of isoamyl alcohol production plant Figure 1 above shows the plant layouts of production of isoamyl alcohol and the important element in this layout. There is a power station which will be supply power to the whole plant so that there will be enough power to generate the production of plant. If the plant having a sudden loss of power source, the plant can continue to operate normal as there is generator powerful enough to supply electricity as backup source of power source as the main power station is being fix to normal condition. Thus, this will prevent loss in term of time and production rate of company including avoiding from emergency cases such as overheating of equipment as cooling process is being disturbed. There are also facilities for workers such as wide parking area, cafeteria and a room for prayer. Then, maintenance store and workshop facilities provide the spare part and maintenance of the instrument in the plant. The spare part capacity need to be control to avoid any disturb to the process line in case of emergency. The Fire assembly area is to provide the safe location if fire occur in the plant. The fire assembly area is important to check all employees safe from the incident. This location is choose by focus on a safe distance from the building and the space is large enough for all the workers in the plant to gather. Storage store refers to the controls the inflow quantity and quality of the raw material supply which are chlorine, sodium hydroxide and pentane in a high quality. This important to avoid excess amount of raw material in the plant because buying to many raw material will results tremendous space and cost to maintain them. In this section will involve the recording of raw material inflow and outflow in the plant in order to reduce the cost of operation. This storage tanks that containing hazardous materials is sited at least 70m (200 ft) from the site boundary and the main storage areas are placed between the loading and unloading facilities and the main process un it. Laboratories are placed well away from potentially hazardous processes. In order to obtain high quality of the isoamyl alcohol production, the raw material supply needs to achieve the specification level that has been set in this company. This area will running the test for production line and raw material supply. Every raw material that being supply for production area need to be passed a quality test to control the quality of the product. All the analysis equipment will be located in the laboratory. The important part in the plant, this is the production of isoamyl alcohol occur. All the instruments involve in the production of isoamyl acohol will set in this area and systematic arrangement of instrument need to have in order to have efficient production line. The isoamyl alcohol production will undergoes chlorination, fractionation, hydrolysis and distillation process. Cooling towers are sited so that, under the prevailing wind, the plume of condensate spray drifts away from the plant area and adjacent properties.

2D and 3D Games

2D and 3D Games Difference Between 2D and 3D Games: Introduction: The first concept we should know that what 2D is and what is 3D means. 2D means 2dimension, here everything happens in a 2D plane. Like if we draw any picture on a paper then we can see that only from a single perspective, what kind of perspective we follow to draw that picture. For 2D surface the picture would be flat, without depth. To draw a 2D picture we use matte painting also. Like that in 2D games we can see the whole game from a single perspective whatever we follow to make it. And 3D means 3 dimensions, means here we can add depth in a picture. In 3D games we can see the character from different perspective. Here the pictures have depth and shadow which makes the picture real and it looks like something happens in front of our eye in real life. About 2D games: 2D games are also called Platform game. The word platform also describes that something held on a platform. Here the player can run, jump, shoot, collect powers on a platform. It is a video game genre; 2D games are become very old. But some developers still like to play 2D games to get the innovative idea, because we learn everything from past. Thats why they wants to play 2D games to make their game more interesting and get idea to give some new feature in their game. Mostly the characters of 2D games are cartoonish and unrealistic. We cant give a realistic feel in our 2D character. But in 3D it is possible because of depth. By using depth we can make a character which would look like a real. Mostly platform games are based on some levels, if the player can kill all enemies or cross a certain part which heshe has to cross (like-Mario) then only the player can move to the next level. In next level may be there would be more enemies which the player has to kill. As per my knowledge the era of platform games started in the early 1980s and the 3D games started in mid of 1990. There is some confusion that which is the first 2D games. Frogs is an arcade game which released in 1978, this is the first game where the character can jump on the screen, making the genres earliest ancestor. Space Panic, which is also arcade game and released in 1980, is sometimes credited as the first platform game. Donkey Kong is an arcade game created by Nintendo and released in July 1981, was the first game that allowed players to jump over elements which are there and across gaps, making it the first true platformer. There are some versions of Donkey Kong. The next version of Donkey Kong is Donkey Kong Jr. which is also become a famous game. Donkey Kong introduces Mario. The third version of Donkey Kong was not become so famous but it succeeds by Mario Bros, which is a platform game and it has an extra feature of multiplayer, where two players can play simultaneously. By using the same rule in future many gaming companies made multiplayer games. Pitfall is a video game released by Activision in 1982 for Atari 2600. Then 16 bit computer had introduced and it brought evolution to this genre, this time Saga introduced Mega Drive which is forth generation video game console. This console had introduced in Japan in 1988 and 1990 in Europe. It was released in 1989 in North America under the name of â€Å"Genesis†. This was Sagas most successful console. It competes with TurboGafx-16 which was released one year earlier in Japan under the name of PC Engine.One more console had introduced in this time that was Super Nintendo Entertainment System Entertainment System which is also called Super NES. It is also a 16 Bit video game consol which released by Nintendo in 1990. This consol had released in many countries like North America, Europe, Australia, and South America in between 1990 to1993. In Japan and Southeast Asia this system is known as Super Family Computer and in South Korea this system is known as Super Comboy which Distributed by Hyundai Electronics. Both systems were built for 16-bit computers and offered improved graphics and sound over the 8-bit NES. After Super NES released the Super Mario World released for this consol. To compete with Sonic the Hedgehog Saga released Sonic the Hedgehog which is platform game developed by Sonic Team and published by Saga for Mega Drive system. It was the first game developed by Sonic Team. Sonic Team is originally known as Saga AM8 which is a Japanese computer and video game developer and established in Ota, Tokyo, Japan in1990. Sonic include a feature of large field that scrolled effortlessly in all direction as well as manners of curve hill and a complex physics system that allows player to rush through its level with well placed jumps and rolls. It gives a massive hit, was a successful pack-in new system. At the end of 16 Bit era some games were released like Yoshis Island and Donkey Kong Country. Then new kind of hardware was released and it takes players attention, so the attention was totally shifted away from traditional 2D genre. About 3D games: The term 3D platformer referred that featured gameplay in three dimension area and polygonal 3D graphics. Games which have 3D gameplay but 2D graphics is comes under in Isomertic Games. On the other hand those games that have 2D gameplay in 3D graphics are called 2.5D that means these games are between 2D and 3D. In 3D we can implement depth to an object which gives it a real look. In 3D games the characters are look like real character which exists in real world, we can see the facial expression in characters face. In 3D games there are some missions, where the players completes one mission then heshe go to the next level and next mission would be more tougher than the previous mission. In 3D games multiplayer is mostly played by the players because they want to play together to beat one another or they make a group to beat other group and communicate with one another. After the era of 2D games, gaming companies first tried to make a platform game with 3D game and 2D graphics and isometric perspective. These games are also very old as the genre itself. The first game which have 3D perspective and moving camera came around in the mid 80s. Trailblazer was released for various computer in 1986, used a simple linescroll effect to create a forward scrolling 2.5D (also called pseudo-3D games) play field where players manipulated a bouncing ball to leap over obstacles and pitfalls. In 1987, Squaresoft released 3D World Runner, which is a forward scrolling action game, here in this game the player has to leap over obstacles and chasms. In 1990, an Estonian developer called Bluemoon released Kosmonaut which is a forward-scrolling driving/action game similar to Trailblazer, which consisted almost entirely of difficult platform-jumping obstacle courses. While the gameplay took place in three dimensions, and the graphics were polygonal it is considered pseudo-3D because it used a fixed viewpoint. Alpha waves which is a French computer game is to be found as the earliest example of a true 3D platformer, which is created by Christophe de Dinechin and published by Inforgrames in 1990 for the Atari ST, Amiga and PC. 3D games give the character a smooth movement, the camera angles would be from different point of view. A small developer called Exact released a game for the X68000 computer called Geograph Seal in 1994. This game was fully 3D polygonal first person shooter hybrid with platform jumping component. Players piloted a frog that could jump, then double jump, and triple jump high into the air, as the camera is also moved to show players jump and landing. In addition to shooting, jumping on enemies was a primary feature of attack. This was the first 3D platform game that released in Japan, but it never ported to another platform and not released outside of Japan. The following year, Exact released their follow-up to Geograph Seal for Sonys new PlayStation console. Jumping Flash!, released in April 1995, this game is generally regarded as a direct continuation of the gameplay concepts in Geograph Seal, which was likewise a mix of first-person shooting and platforming, with similar controls and camera-work. Here the frog was more cartoonish than the previous one its like a rabbit which is call ed â€Å"Robbit†. In this game the level design had an even greater focus on platform gaming, it was released in Europe and North America. It was titled as first 3D consol game. A Saga Saturn game Bug! Was released in 1995, it offered a more conservative approach to true 3D platforming. In this game players could move in all directions, but it did not allow movement along more than one axis at once — the player could move left to right, or forward and backward, but not diagonally left and backward at the same time. This game was very similar to 2D games but considered as true 3D games. This game had an extra feature that the player could climb on wall and ceiling, which was a great success. 2D platformer game In 1995 Fade to Black was released by Delphine Software which was a sequel of their popular 2D platformer game Flashback, it was the first attempt to bring a popular 2D platform game series into 3D. It had puzzle-oriented level design style and step-based control. It dose not follow the criteria of platform game and it came under action adventure game. It used true 3D characters and other objects. But its environment were created using rigid engine which was similar to Wolffenstein 3D in that it could only render square flat corridors. Sony, Saga and Nintendo were under great deal of pressure to release mascot platformer before 1996 holiday season. Sony choose an existing project by developers Naughty Dog, which was a small developer at the time who released the Way of the Warrior recently. Then Crash Bandicoot beat Nintendos new console to market in North America and it was released in the time for the holiday in Japan. Before switching to multiplatform releases in the following con sole generation crash would remain Sonys unofficial mascot for the next several years. Then Saga had tasked their American studio, STI, with bringing Sonic the Hedgehog into 3D. The project was titled as Sonic Xtream, it was to feature a radically different approach for the series with Fisheye camera and multidirectional gameplay like Bug! 3D games give the player a great area of play field than 2D platform games. Final Fantasy VII was a major breakthrough in RPG first person shooter which is still so popular game. Tomb Rider was one of the best selling game on the PlayStation in gaming industry. Sixteen generation era was the best system selling era. By the time Saga had produced 3D Sonic games Sonic Adventure on its new Dreamcast console. It used to play smoothly the games like Mario 64 with some extra feature, mostly it emphasis on speed. Then Nintendo launched GameCube console without releasing any platform game for it, but in 2002 Nintendo released Super Mario Sunshine that was the second 3D Mario game. Because of low numbers of level, and its level design was not so good so it was failed to make a good marketing. Platform game is a vital genre but it was failure to capture the popularity and market that they held once in 1998. In 1998 platform games had 15% of share of market but within four year it comes down in 2% while the RPG and first person shooter have continued the grow and popularity. Similarity In 2D and 3D games: Goal: There are some similarities in 2D and 3D games like both the game have some goal that player has to finish that then only heshe can move to the next level or mission or win the game. Control: In both the games the character has the ability to move forward, backward, jump, shoot to kill their enemies. It depends on the game, which game we are playing. If it is an intelligent based game then the controls would be different. Console: Both the games are made for some console for 3D there are some extra consoles are there. Playstation 2, playstation 3 are the consoles for 3D games. Replay Ability: In both kind of game another main similarities is replay ability. We can play several times. Like if we loose one level then we can play it again to win that level and move to the next level. Difference between 2D and 3D games: Character: The major difference between 2D and 3D games are their characters. In 2D games the characters are like cartoonish, they dont look like a real one. But in 3D characters sometimes they also look like cartoonish but due to depth the characters look like real. In 3D characters we can show the emotion in characters face. The characters take position when heshe shoot hisher enemy. Interaction: We can see the 2D character from only one perspective view may it be from side view, top view or players eye view (here the camera is placed behind the character). We cant implement all of these in a 2D game. But in 3D games we can see the player from different point of view in a game. We can move the camera in 3d games in three directions-sideway, up and down. Some of the games like Warcraft 2, Fifa here we use isometric point of view. This angle is not comes under 2D nor 3D. In isometric view the camera angle would be some fixed angel from where the characters look like 3D character. But these are not 3D games. Graphics: And another major difference is graphics, in 2D computer graphics are digital images. There are two types of graphics one is Raster graphics and another one is Vector graphics. Raster graphics or bitmap are composing by array of pixel, here each pixel has different color or shade. They are editing by changing color array by array. These are used to make mobile phone games, very old computer games. Vector graphics are composed with path, here path are use to establishing mathematical relationship between points within the image. In photographic images vector graphics are mainly used. 3D computer graphics are use to represent the 3D geometrical data. Then these datas are manipulated by the computer via 3D computer graphics software to customize their display, movement, and other appearance. Sometimes we use some 3D model which is a mathematical representation of geometric data that is contained in a data file. In 3D character we can implement light, shadows by using some software like-3ds Max, Autodesk Maya etc. by using these softwares we can make some character and then we can implement those characters in our games. Background: In 2D games we use a simple picture or some matte painting image for background, but in 3D games we use skybox that is the surrounding world. Skybox is a box which covered by some image which we can make by collage work in Adobe Photoshop. But there is a condition that in that image both edges should be similar. I mean it should be snapped together edge-to-edge. Then only we can feel the real world, if any difference is shown in that image then we cant see the proper output which we want. Then we have to import that image in Autodesk Maya or any 3D modeling software. So we should be very careful when we work on skybox. Level Design: Level design is based on games that which type of game it is. Before implementing we should be very clear that how many players are in the game, how many levels we are going to create. First we have to know that what we are going to make a 2D game or a 3D game. Because here realism do some matters. In 2D games it doesnt matters too much but in 3D games it gives a biggest difference. In 3D games we have to give a close attention on Texturing, lighting, and all the other things would be in three dimension. System Requirement: To run a 2D game the system requirement is not a big factor. It takes hardly 512 Mb RAM, without graphics card we can play 2D games in our system. It does not make difference too much in gameplay. We can play some 3D games also in this configuration. But some games are made with high graphics for that we need at least 1 GB RAM and if we use graphics card also with this configuration then the game would be more smooth and we can see the texture and the other things which used in the game would be visible clearly. Game Engine: Game engine is a kind of library, in library we can read books, if forget about the topic which studied then we can read it again. That means we can reuse the source. Like that game engine is a library of core function which we use in game. Game engines are as usually related to graphic, networking, input and other system. This is not a part of gameplay but it is a non specific part of game. By using this engine we can make several games. In most of the game engine we can play 2D and 3D games both. Key Control: In 2D games we use around 5-7 keys to control the whole game, hardly we take 10keys. This many key controls are enough for a 2D game. Sometimes we use mouse and some keys to control a game, and sometimes we use only mouse to control a 2D game (e.g.-Duck Hunt). But to control 3D game it takes around 15-20 keys and mouse to control the whole game. In a mission based fighting game like Delta Force we choose primary weapon, secondary weapon, bombs, grenades, binocular, map and many other options are there. Believability: 2D games do not give a real feel. We play 2D game just for fun. Mostly children love to play 2D games, because these kinds of games are easier for them and they enjoy it. 3D games are looks real which I already discussed, it feels like the player itself in the battle ground. The surrounding world gives that feel. There are some simulation games which are so original. Mostly this kind of games made for soldiers to give them training by playing games. In Simulation games the controls are exactly same which exist in the real thing. Like if a player drive an aero plane then the controls and the activities are be exactly there which exist in real aero plane. The enemies would come they also try to crash players plane. If the plane crash then the player would feel vibration, which gives the reality of that game. Market of 2D games: The market of 2D game becomes very low because nobody wants to play this kind of game. When 2D games first released it was so popular, gaming companies got million dollars as profit by selling 2D games. Because 2D games were new things for people, so they tried this to accept the challenge. But now these kinds of games are become very old. This is the era of 3D games; most of the gaming companies who made 2D games are now making 3D games because of market demand. Now people become fading up by playing 2D games, they want something more. 3D games give them a different feel to the players. So people love 3D games and it has a great market. Companies do not want to make any 2D games because of its down market, but also we make 2D games. To learn about making 2D games gaming colleges first learn about 2D games, thats why 2D games are still producing in the market. Online play option: We play online games which are called MMO that is Massive Multiplayer Online games. When we play online games nobody wants to play 2d games, they want to play 3D games. Online playing game is a genre of role playing computer games with a large number of players interact with one another in a virtual gaming world. Like when we play Counter Strike in online then we make two teams and fight with opposite team. First we choose one character, called Avatar then we start playing. In game we can commend to my mates to cover me, plant bomb and more other commends. Future Development: All gaming companies do not want to make 2D games, they are concentrating on producing 3D games. Whatever games they released they wants to improve them and make a new version of that game. People do not like to play 2D games but still 2D games are producing because in gaming institute first they teach us how we can make a 2D game. It is the basic idea of making game; they start with 2D games and then learn about 3D games. In future gaming companies try to make 3D games by adding some extra feature. May be they introduce some new console for playing game. Conclusion: Whatever difference between 2D and 3D games, players do not care on it. Whatever game we play, we play just for entertainment. We just want some relaxation after doing lot of work, so we play game. We play games sometimes to learn something. By playing 2D games children learn so many things. Like color, shape, fruit name, flower name etc. by playing that kind of game which give them knowledge about these things. Bibliography: http://hge.relishgames.com/ http://2dengine.com/page.php?p=about http://gpwiki.org/index.php/Game_Engines http://www.devmaster.net/engines/ http://www.selfgrowth.com/articles/Key_Advantage_And_Difference_Between_3 D_Games_And_2D_Games.html http://ezinearticles.com/?Whats-the-Difference-Between-2D-and-3D-Anyway? id=1634425 http://www.gameproducer.net/2007/07/27/differences-between-2d-and-3d-gameart-production/ http://forums.guestbook.com.tw/thread-43939-1-1.html http://books.google.co.in/books? id=iX3oWHNf9hMCpg=PA209lpg=PA209dq=difference+between+2d+and+3 d+gamessource=blots=jdvcEWDJDmsig=KA0WKC9fGQaqMMmJ_Adeyl6q wMYhl=enei=9OFiSqoexoCRBd_jlfoPsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnu m=7 http://blog.media-freaks.com/discerning-between-2d-and-3d/ http://www.theiphonedvd.com/blog/understanding-the-difference-between-2dand-3d-animations/ http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/107414 http://www.articlesbase.com/graphic-design-articles/2d-and-3d-computergraphics-553432.html Word doc goes here, ignore any pictures that are in them

Digital Rights Mischief :: Ethics

Digital Rights Mischief Imagine a world where media is kept privately. A world in which the books you read and the music you listen to is as protected as your social security number – maybe even more so. What if someone asked to borrow your laptop, the very place you kept your media? â€Å"This put Dan in a dilemma. He had to help her – but if he lent her his computer, she might read his books. Aside from the fact that you could go to prison for many years for letting someone else read your books, the very idea shocked him at first. Like everyone, he had been taught since elementary school that sharing books was nasty and wrong – something that only pirates would do.† Thus begins a short story by Richard Stallman, who paints a very bleak future of the technologies we have today. Yet the gradual way this society became so controlled begins with a single step. That step is digital rights management. Digital rights management, DRM, and Trusted Computing, TC, infringe upon consu mers’ rights and should be met with public boycott. DRM and TC limit rights by controlling digital media. In order to control content, DRM and TC use a computer identification system to verify a user’s right to use media. The Electronic Privacy Information Center defines DRM as systems that â€Å"restrict the use of digital files in order to protect the interests of copyright holders.† DRM systems can control many aspects of the usability of a particular file. They can limit portability, the ability to share or print a file. They can control access, the ability to read, write, or save a file. DRM systems commonly use one of two methods to achieve control. Encryption protects files from outside sources, giving only authorized software access to a file. This authorized software will then follow the policies set forth by the DRM system. The other method, marking, is a way of telling software to treat the file as protected. This works best in proprietary systems where only a few applications can read a particular f ile. Both methods then enforce rules that the DRM system applies to the file. Generally these include determining the identity of the computer trying to access the file, often using a unique numbering scheme. Digital Rights Mischief :: Ethics Digital Rights Mischief Imagine a world where media is kept privately. A world in which the books you read and the music you listen to is as protected as your social security number – maybe even more so. What if someone asked to borrow your laptop, the very place you kept your media? â€Å"This put Dan in a dilemma. He had to help her – but if he lent her his computer, she might read his books. Aside from the fact that you could go to prison for many years for letting someone else read your books, the very idea shocked him at first. Like everyone, he had been taught since elementary school that sharing books was nasty and wrong – something that only pirates would do.† Thus begins a short story by Richard Stallman, who paints a very bleak future of the technologies we have today. Yet the gradual way this society became so controlled begins with a single step. That step is digital rights management. Digital rights management, DRM, and Trusted Computing, TC, infringe upon consu mers’ rights and should be met with public boycott. DRM and TC limit rights by controlling digital media. In order to control content, DRM and TC use a computer identification system to verify a user’s right to use media. The Electronic Privacy Information Center defines DRM as systems that â€Å"restrict the use of digital files in order to protect the interests of copyright holders.† DRM systems can control many aspects of the usability of a particular file. They can limit portability, the ability to share or print a file. They can control access, the ability to read, write, or save a file. DRM systems commonly use one of two methods to achieve control. Encryption protects files from outside sources, giving only authorized software access to a file. This authorized software will then follow the policies set forth by the DRM system. The other method, marking, is a way of telling software to treat the file as protected. This works best in proprietary systems where only a few applications can read a particular f ile. Both methods then enforce rules that the DRM system applies to the file. Generally these include determining the identity of the computer trying to access the file, often using a unique numbering scheme.

Gender and Sexuality in Sports Essay -- Gender Athletics Essays

Gender and Sexuality in Sports When individuals, male or female, decide to enter a non-traditional sport for his/ her gender, there will inevitably be benefits and costs. Because sports themselves are divided along gender and race lines, one would expect that individuals who intend to play a sport deemed by culture and by society as counterintuitive are bound to be criticized and alienated because of their choices. Difference automatically threatens conventions, traditions, and expectations, and hence, it threatens the individuals who belong to that traditional sphere. Because sports are affected as much by funding as they are by issues of diversity and accessibility, the following questions address those issues: which group of people have access to what sports (the type of resources a school has determines the number of athletic opportunities and leagues that are available), what racial groups are represented more in which sports (African Americans are over represented in basketball but they are under represented in iced hockey, whites are over represented in winter sports but they are underrepresented in football), and how do those two questions overall affect a society and culture's response to "deviations?" Generally, society has certain gender constructions that apply directly and indirectly to sports. Men are primarily thought of as physically stronger, more aggressive, and more physically active. Hence, men involved in sports are seen as fulfilling part of their experiences as men. Because they are men and because society has all these expectations about men and their physical abilities, sports becomes an arena in which men can prove, assert, and measure their manhood. In past generations, men could assert their masculin... ...ge, it is important that men and women challenge society's convenient notions about masculinity, femininity, and culture. Men and women in sports must use their art and their talents to question not only the validity but also the premise from which expectations, criticism, and conflict arise. Being involved in sports, regardless of its effects on one's personal life and regardless of the barriers that are created especially to hinder individuals from making choices, opens doors to others who are interested in pursuing a nontraditional sport and who need the support of others like them. Ultimately, the sports world must help validate individuals and their abilities; individuals must defy the sports world and its expectations when its intent is to perpetuate and create divisions among men and women, among homosexuals and heterosexuals, and among races and ethnicities.

corporate culture Essay -- essays research papers

Corporate Culture The culture of an organization is the set of values, beliefs, behaviors, customs, and attitudes that helps its members understand what the organization stands for, how it does things, and what it considers important"(Griffin, 49). In other words, "the way things work around here" (Dr. Williams). In order for any small business or large corporation to be successful, the employees must understand what is expected of them. While things might be slightly different in a large corporation versus a small "mom and pop shop", the goal of both is the same. MAKE THE BUSINESS MONEY. The topic of my paper will be on makes a good corporate culture. Running a business is not so much about the particular business but instead about the "sound business philosophies" that are shared by every level in the organization (Chapin, 1). Fortunately for smaller business's, finding those "business philosophies" are not as hard or have the need to be as complex as big corporations. According to Steven Chapin, author of "Building a Sound Company Culture", there are four basic building blocks that serve as a strong foundation for the company. These four blocks are integrity, leadership, dedication, and service. "Integrity is the keystone" (Chapin, 1). Complete honesty is the ethical way and should be the only way that one does business. Without integrity, there would be no trust between your company and the customers. When clients and consumers trust you, they want to do business with you and will continue to do business with you until they feel as though the integrity has been sacrificed. The second &quo t;building block" for a sound corporate culture is leadership (Chapin 1). Leadership is not only a quality that upper management and managers need to have, but instead it is a quality that all members of a business should develop (Chapin, 1). If a company only had one "leader" then the company would not be very successful because that particular person would be only person to incorporate change in the company. With many employees having leadership qualities, a company is able to better itself with by having multitude of ideas to choose from to better the company. If a company wishes to better leadership qualities then the company should encourage and "active participation in technica... ...enefit the company with a good out flow of energy released. Miler’s next principle is the excellence principle. â€Å"Our culture values comfort, both material and psychological† (Miller, 15). â€Å"We feel as though we should achieve personal satisfaction and fulfillment† from our job (Miller, 15). According to miller the only way to encourage excellence is to provide dissatisfaction (Miller, 15). Miller also states that a workers satisfaction is often in conflict with excellence. The average employee would rather not come under any tests and trials and it is this motivation, in part, that keeps them going (Miller, 15). The consensus principle is Miller’s next idea. â€Å"Managers are stuck in the culture of command† (Miller, 15). An organizations ability to bring ideas together and the challenge of making the employees/managers think creatively will be the success of a company (Miller, 16). It is important, according to this principle, for the employee to share his thoughts and feelings. It is also important for the employee to change his efforts from physical energy to mental energy (Miller, 16). It is â€Å"This change in task† that â€Å"necessitates a change from command to consensus† (Miller, 16).

How non English Native Speaker Translate Slang Texting into Regular English

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTIONThe subject of this study is slang and how the use of slang can be transferred from a source text in one language to a target text in another language. I have chosen this subject because slang is something in a conversation or similar communicative situation that most people easily recognize as soon as it is uttered, but explaining and defining what slang is and how it functions is an entirely different matter.Consequently, it is interesting to research the use of slang in order to determine if there are any difficulties in transferring slang from one language to another. Slang seems to have suffered social stigma among linguists and lexicographers because it has frequently been associated with overtly impertinent behavior (Adams 2009: 32). However, as it turns out, little research has been conducted into the actual use of slang. In fact, finding sources to explain the function of slang is very difficult.Researching terminology that is attributed to being slang , showed me that slang is more than just words to show impertinent behavior and that there are many social aspects embedded in slang, which in this thesis will be referred to as the use of slang. This study seeks to find out what slang is, how it is used, who uses it and why it is used. The embedded social effect and function of using slang will be researched and discussed in order to show why slang deviates from standard language and why it is used.I have chosen to look at how slang works within a given culture (the USA) because in Denmark, due to an excessive exposure to American television, films and music, we are heavily subjected to American- English language media which may give us a greater consciousness of the English language. From a translation studies’ point of view, slang is interesting because of its connotations in its source culture.Slang seems to be connected to the culture in which it is created, so how are slang words and expressions transferred into another language and culture and does the transfer affect the possibility to maintain the use of slang in the translation? In the world of translation studies, research into the translation of slang seems somewhat limited. The reason may be that slang is largely considered a colloquial phenomenon which reduces the genres of communication in which it can appear. More specifically, slang is most likely to be translated in connection with slang style of teenagers, in the form of texting.CHAPTER II. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONA. Theory of TranslationThe acknowledgement of translation theory as a scientific discipline is usually attributed to J. S. Holmes. In his statement on the Symposium of Applied Linguistics (Copenhagen, 1972), he insisted on the establishment of translation theory as an independent field of research. The framework of this new scientific discipline was hard to determine because of its complex requirements and because it uses materials and results from many other linguistic disci plines.So, whoever wants to deal with the theory and poetics of translation should pay attention to the special requirements of similar disciplines and should be able to include their work in this new discipline. Because of all this, translation theory was considered an activity of secondary importance that relies on other people's thoughts and knowledge. The result of this was a diminishment of the value of research in this area.However, after years of undeserved treatment, the study of translation theory is gaining the place it should have had from the start. As an object of scientific research, the translation process attracts the attention of many scientific disciplines and methods, especially contrastive analysis. This kind of analysis can be successfully applied in monitoring structures and idioms of one language and comparing them to their semantic counterparts in another language.In this process we can also determine whether one particular phrase exists in only one language, or it is a common expression in several languages. In the final results of this study we can determine most important general and specific language differences. As a systematic scientific approach, with specific methods and goals, contrastive analysis was conceived in the United States in 1930’s, but it gained an important place in language science 40 years later. Of course, general linguistics with its theory and methodology supported this action.It is reasonable to assume that those who deal with translation as a science want linguistics to provide a practical contribution to translation, and to offer an improvement of practical use for those who learn foreign languages. Internal connections between linguistics and translation are quite obvious and convincingly confirmed by the generated models presented by generative grammar. However, although contrastive analysis has left important traces in the study of language, so far it hasn’t shown many important results in s ocial and cultural fields or practical solutions for the benefit of communication.According to contrastive analysis, the written text has a permanent structure, it requires focusing only from the standpoint of etymology and semantics, so it does not allow observation of life situations or events that occur in the language under the influence of the social and cultural environment. If we accept the terms mentioned above according to their original etymological meaning, it is clear that they define translation as the decision to say something to someone somewhere â€Å"over†, where people speak a different language and the message can not be understood without translation, transmission or inversion.To make it simple, translation represents transferring messages from one language to another. Translators often try to highlight the direct connection between translation and language. Professional translators usually insist on translating the semantic components of the text, but som etimes there’s a need for literal translation. Some often criticize the language structures that can be found in under-educated translators’ work. Although professional translators insist on the connection between translation and various fields of modern science, their theories can not offer enough evidence on the true importance of translation.Traditional scientific practice gives the activity of translation a secondary role and leaves it in the shadow of the importance of scientific research. When it comes to the translation process, we can say that a translator transfers information between the two languages. In fact, a translator transfers the contents of the text written in one language – also known as source language – into the expressions in the second language – also called the target language. This type of translation is called inter-language.Given the relationship between source language and target language, there can be  also intra-lan guage and inter-semiotic translation. Inter-language translation is a process in which the linguistic material from one language is transferred using material from some other language. Intra-language translation is the name for replacing one form of language material with another form of that same language. Inter-semiotic translation can be defined as the conversion of characters from the language system structure to another system of signs (for example, converting traffic regulations to traffic symbols).In this case, Translation's status as a mental activity of secondary importance is caused by the thought that in the transfer between two languages, translators are trying to shape other people’s thoughts, not their own. As a form of mental activity, translation represents the transformation of thoughts, feelings or desires, originally designed in one language, into the same kind of thought, feeling or desire in another language.B. Theory of CommunicationThe network is expect ed to process messages regardless of their contents. The perspective of the communication network therefore is different from that of the communicators. Only by operating at a next, that is, receiving interface, can the substance of the message be reconstructed and further processed. This next interface may be a (human) receiver or another differentiation of the network. As the differentiation changes, the message is expected to have another situational meaning (Granovetter 1985).The substance of communication can only be reconstructed if the communication systems are sufficiently complex for packaging the original signal. The original substance of the message, however, remains an assumption at the receiving end and decoding is based on theoretical assumptions. Although this may in practice be taken for granted, all sense of an original communality is recognizable as based on a specific coding, for example, in terms of basic affections. At the level of the social system, the communi cation of information not only transmits, but also translates and potentially transforms the expected information content.The full formalization of the substance of communication in terms of messages expected to contain information was accomplished by Shannon's (1948) mathematical theory of communication. From this perspective, information is content-free and equated with uncertainty; it is formalized in terms of binary digits or bits. When the uncertainty is complete, the system is assumed to be â€Å"dead† in a formal sense. A system can only process information, that is, communicate, as long as the expected information is not complete but contained within a communication. A communication system communicates with other communication systems.The latter provide contexts insofar as they communicate, that is, insofar as these systems are neither completely certain (â€Å"fixed†) nor completely uncertain (â€Å"dead†). Thus, a model of co-variation and remaining va riation in otherwise orthogonal dimensions can be formalized (Leydesdorff 1994). By differentiating the systems suppress the co-variation and tend to become nearly decomposable (Simon 1973). Whereas the covariation between two systems (A and B) is mutually determined, the remaining variation provides a structure over time in the one system (A) that is a latent condition for the coevolving system (B).From the perspective of the latter system (B), the structure (in A) can also be considered as redundancy or failing information. Therefore, structure is latent from this perspective. The covariations provide windows at which the systems share information mutually. The remaining variations are based on the recursive code of the communication over time and remain internal to each of the co-evolving systems. In the case of a dually layered communication medium like human language (see above), the same communication can be nearly decomposable in one dimension while firmly related in another. For example, we may agree despite a deep misunderstanding in terms of the information exchange, while one is also able to disagree about a given meaning when one fully agrees about the underlying exchange. Thus, a two-dimensional communication medium allows for differentiation and integration at the same time. The operation has become complex in itself. With increasing differentiation the system has to improve on its internal operation of integration because of the risk of otherwise falling apart from an excess of differentiation.Keeping this balance under the pressure of increasing uncertainty can be considered as the driving force for developing communicative competences in a communication system. The communicative competences are expected to be differentiated in the case of inter-human communication. Whereas the substance of social communication (i) is packaged, the communicative competencies tend also to become formalized. The social network system, however, remains structurally coupled to human agency in the substantive dimension.As long as one maintains Luhmann's assumption that human agency has to be the substantive carrier of the reflexive translation at the node, the social system cannot be completely virtual. One has to abandon the complete idealization in the historical case since observable reproduction has to be realized as one of the subdynamics of otherwise virtual networks. In this respect, sociology is different from the study of artificial systems. The historical instantiations contain the fingerprints of the social system's reproduction.Institutional dynamics exhibit codifications of communication that have been useful hitherto to the extent that they have been institutionalized. These â€Å"real life† phenomena are part of the social system as are we ourselves, that is, as subdynamics which can be invoked. In other words: human agency is structurally coupled to the social system, but only along one of the two dimensions of inter-huma n communication at each time. The other dimension is the way our communication is processed as a message. Along this dimension, the expectation is that we are only operationally coupled, since operational coupling allows for differentiation.The social system operates in terms of expectations (that is, uncertainties) and expectations concerning expectations (that is, meaningful selections). This differentiation in the communication provides parallel channels in the medium that the network system has available for propelling the communication. Language supports this dual-layeredness in the communication by providing a means of codification of the relation between the message and the information. The interactions among the two layers provide the system with variation that can recursively be selected as meaningful.For example, one is able to play with the meanings and the functions of communications. Furthermoe, one is sometimes able to control some of the selections by improving one's own communicative competences. Although each of us is able to select individually by providing meaning to some information and not to other, the reflections are socially distributed and hence they contain also an update value for the network behind the backs of the participants involved. In each communication, one degree of freedom may be hidden hyperreflexively or it can be made available to the communication, that is, infrareflexively.When the socially distributed reflections can be communicated, they are provided with situational meaning. The latter interaction is expected to interact with the not-yet communicated layer of reflections, and by generating this new variation the system propels itself. On the side of the human agency involved, this configuration provides us with opportunities for building niches within the system or, in Habermas' terminology, with options for improving the quality of life, for example, by fine-tuning communicative competencies to the exigencies of th e communicated culture.C. Theory of Slang LanguageThe definition of slang can be found in literature researching slang. Unlike dictionaries, whose main focus is to provide the general outline of a lexical item, but cannot elaborate on too many aspects due to a restriction on the space available, the specialized literature presented in this paragraph presents more in-depth research on slang and has a different approach to how to define slang.In her book Slang & Sociability in which she researches the use of slang among college students in the USA, English professor Connie Eble presents her own definition of slang: â€Å"Slang is an ever changing set of colloquial words and phrases that speakers use to establish or reinforce social identity or cohesiveness in society at large† (Eble 1996: 11). Eble’s definition differs significantly from the definitions presented in the dictionaries. While she agrees that slang is colloquial, Eble’s definition highlights the socia l aspects of slang which the dictionaries either ignore or do not find relevant to explain.According to Eble, slang thus seems to serve a purpose which is the establishment of social identity for the speaker and the people with whom they are interacting. Michael Adams agrees and says that slang serves to fill the following purposes: to identify members of a group, to change the level of discourse in the direction of informality, and to oppose established authority (Adams 2009: 16). Adams’ and Eble definitions show that slang is not just a set of words/phrases used by particular groups, but that it is something that are used by people to establish groups.The difference between these two notions is that slang can be used by anyone with the aim of wanting to establish group identity and to oppose established authority. Eble mentions Dumas and Lighter who proposes four identifying criteria for slang (Dumas & Lighter 1978 14-16 in Eble 1996: 11-12): 1. Its presence will markedly l ower, at least for the moment, the dignity of formal or serious speech or writing. 2. Its use implies the user’s familiarity either with the referent or with that less statusful or less responsible class of people who have such familiarity and use the term.3. It is a tabooed term in ordinary discourse with persons of higher social status or greater responsibility. 4. It is used in place of the well-known conventional synonym, especially in order (a) to protect the user from the discomfort caused by the conventional item or (b) to protect the user from the discomfort or annoyance of further elaboration. Dumas & Lighter say that when something fits at least two of the criteria, a linguistically sensitive audience will react to it in a certain way.This way, which cannot be measured, is the ultimate identifying characteristic of true slang. This shows that the use of slang is a negotiation between the speaker and the listener, because the speaker wants to convey something with th e use of slang which the listener must acknowledge. Adams acknowledges this and says that it is not a word itself that makes something slang, but rather the extrinsic feature of its use adapted by speakers to very precise human social and aesthetic needs and aspirations (Adams 2009: 48).Thus, the four criteria show that slang goes far beyond just being a lexical item. Moreover, all four criteria seem to focus on the social implications of using slang and the consciousness of shared knowledge between speaker and other participants. Dumas & Lighter imply that slang is used to change the level of formality from formal and serious speech towards informality, which also was what was suggested in the dictionary definitions and by Adams and Eble The objective of using sets of slang words and expressions is to achieve something on a social level.The speaker uses slang in order to achieve social dynamics with the people to whom he/she is speaking and slang outlines social space, and attitude s towards slang helps identify and construct social groups and identity. (Adams 2009:57). This means that when you use slang, you expose yourself, your ideas and your attitude as to how you want to perceive the people with whom you are interacting, and how you want these people to perceive you, while you rely on the people with whom you are speaking to be able to infer what you mean.From this follows that slang is not a language as such as implied in some of the dictionary  definitions mentioned in the previous paragraph, but rather a set of words and expressions in a given language used to create group dynamics, because slang is used within a given language to establish a difference between standard language and slang. The difference is not so much in the words themselves, but in the intended effect of using the words. The switch from standard language to slang implies informal settings and helps determining group dynamics. In the words of Eble, people use slang â€Å"when they want to be creative, clear 2 A form of e. g. English which does not include evident non-standard usage of the language† (Hamaida 2007: 3).Translating the use of slang – A study of microstrategies in subtitling with a view to researching the transfer of the use of slang from source text to target text with I Love You, Man as empirical example, including a study of the function of slang and acceptable to a select group† (Eble 1998: 19). In addition, slang is ephemeral. Slang changes constantly and it is the constant notion of what to use and what not to use that creates group identity. Eble says that â€Å"sharing and maintaining a constantly changing in-group vocabulary aids group solidarity and serves to include and exclude members† (Eble 1998: 119).The members are those who understand not only the word said by a slang user, but also know what the intention of using the word is. In this way, slang operates like fashion: You always need to keep up with the l atest trends and if you do not, you are not as fashionable as other slang users are, and you must know how to respond to slang and to show whether you are ‘in-crowd’ or ‘out-crowd’ (Ibid: 121). What still needs to be explained is what makes a given word appear slang to listeners.As we saw above, Lighter and Dumas suggested that a slang term is taboo when used around people that do not belong to your group and that slang is a synonym to a conventional word in the standard language used to avoid having to protect the user of the word from discomfort from having to elaborate on the word or to use the real word. This tells us that slang has an effect on both speaker and listener, and that slang is not applicable in all settings. Adams mentions that slang is â€Å"casual, racy, vivid, irreverent, and playful elements [that] rebels against the standard (whether mildy, wildly or in between)† (Adams 2009: 9).The attributes suggested by Adams proposes that sl ang can be mild and casual in its appearance just as it can be racy and irreverent. Essentially, Adams believes that slang is used to rebel against standard language, but that the reasons for doing so does not have to be to show bad behaviour or obvious irreverence. As we saw in the dictionary definitions above, slang seems to be listed as being not polite and offensive, but Adams believes that slang can just as well be playful and a joking way of rebelling against standard language to mark the difference between e.g. parents and children (in-crowd versus out-crowd), but the children do not necessarily have wicked intentions with the use of slang.Rather, slang is used to create a social line between children and parents/adults (Ibid: 32). Of course, context comes into play when we think of slang. Adams mentions that slang is not slang until someone recognises it to be slang (Adams 2009: 62). This means that listeners must be able to recognise the speaker’s intent to break wit h established linguistic convention and to determine that what they are hearing is slang.CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONThe term of using slang texting commonly can be learning trough chat with someone aboard. From the research result, we could see that student A who is often having chat with someone abroad can translate the text source appropriately. While student B is unfamiliar with slang texting, it is because student B rarely having chat with someone abroad. Knowing slang language is good for people who want to be an active English speaker. By mastering slang language, so we can take easily to communicate with the English native speaker.

The Education System In Mauritius Education Essay

Education has been free for the secondary degree since 1977 and for full clip undergraduate degree at the University of Mauritius since 1988. The State provides equal support for instruction, on occasion striving tight budgets and even subsidising a great portion of the outgo in grant aided secondary schools, that is, schools under the control of in private owned establishments. With cosmopolitan primary instruction being achieved in the 1970s, free instruction in 1977, and statute law devising instruction up to 16 old ages of age compulsory, the challenges policyaˆ?makers have had to face have related to broadening entree at the higher instruction degree, bettering quality, and beef uping the direction of the sector ( while guaranting equity ) . The funding of higher instruction is fundamentally via the authorities and students/parents. Students enrolled in public higher educational establishments are funded to a really big extent by the authorities. Students enrolled in local private higher instruction establishments and those in abroad establishments pay the full cost of their instruction. The cardinal factors act uponing the quality of higher instruction are the quality of module, course of study criterions, technological substructure available, research environment, accreditation government and the administrative policies and processs implemented in establishments of higher acquisition. The overall vision of authorities was spelt out in the New Economic Agenda formulated in 2000. The chief challenge was to travel bit by bit off from traditional sectors to the services sector. The aim was to diversify fabrication into higher valueaˆ?added markets and to consolidate services ( fiscal, ICT, etc. ) as a 4th pillar of economic development. To pull new investing and to keep the state ‘s fight, a extremely productive skilled work force was seen as imperative. With a position to puting Mauritius on a higher growing way, the state has recognised the importance of developing higher instruction as a regional hub for high quality instruction and preparation, to guarantee that the cognition industry acts as a accelerator in broadening the Mauritanian economic system, and in supplying the necessary support to the bing and approaching sectors. There has been a dramatic paradigm displacement in the development scheme mooted by the authorities. In drumhead, it has been accepted by authorities that the instruction system, particularly higher instruction, needs to be reaˆ?orientated to react more efficaciously. Higher instruction in Mauritius can be traced back to the constitution of the School of Agriculture within the Department of Agriculture in 1914, which became integrated into the UoM when it was established in 1965. However, it was merely in postaˆ?independent Mauritius that several public higher instruction establishments were created, which were complementary to UoM. Over the old ages the higher instruction sector has become progressively diversified.Pre Primary sectorThe Pre-primary sector traditionally catered for kids aged 4 onwards and, since this twelvemonth, for those aged 3. The NER presently stands at 94 per centum, with the State supplying a per-child grant of MR 200 ( USD 6 ) . Private individuals/ establishments make up some 80 per centum of the educational proviso in the sector. The undermentioned steps are portion of policy developments to consolidate the sector: aˆ? Strengthening the institutional and regulative model for the proviso of Early Childhood Care and Education. aˆ? Reduction of disparity among pre-schools. aˆ? Addressing the job of out-of-schools pre-primary kids due to absolute poorness. aˆ? Developing a National Curriculum Framework for the pre-primary subsector. aˆ? Ensuring preparedness of all pre-primary school kids for primary school. aˆ? Construction of pre-primary units in deprived countries aˆ? Strengthening partnerships with parents through a Parent Empowerment Program.Primary sectorChilds are enrolled in primary school from the age of five and come in Standard ( Grade ) I and travel automatically up to Standard VI. The system is competitory and a biennial readying starts since Standard V up to Standard VI for the terminal of primary school scrutinies, the CPE ( Certificate of Primary Education ) . The CPE is a national scrutiny carried out in all the schools of the island following a rating system. Five topics are mandatory — English, Gallic, Mathematics, Science, and History and Geography and the scaling procedure is based on the 5 best classs obtained from these along with any one of the Asian/ Arabic languages. . Government has implemented several enterprises in primary schools of the state in order to better CPE scrutinies consequences. One such enterprise is known as the ‘Zones d'Education Prioritaires ‘ ( Z.E.P. ) . This inaugural targets the schools with low public presentation over a back-to-back period of five old ages and involves the whole school community: school staff, parents, NGOs, concern and community-based associations in bettering the school clime and consequences. Other recent enterprises have included the development of an Enhancement Programme to provide for pupils of Std III and IV supplying several carbon monoxides curricular activities to back up the holistic development of the kid, and the debut of ICT in the schoolroom through the ‘ Sankore ‘ programme where categories of Std IV are increasingly being equipped with computing machines and synergistic projectors.Secondary sectorThe CPE determines admittance to a secondary college. Secondary school s are either State owned, grant-aided private schools, or to the full private fee-paying schools. The kid enters college in Form I and progresses through to Form VI, necessitating seven old ages of schooling since there is a two twelvemonth readying for the Higher School Certificate/A-Level scrutinies. A major nationally devised course of study has been developed for Forms I-III with the Secondary Curriculum Framework now in topographic point since 2010. Students study for a wide compulsory course of study up to Form III consisting English, French, Mathematics and the Social and Hard Sciences. When pupils reach Form IV, they have to take at least six major topics for their O-Level scrutinies in Form V. Subsequently, pupils have to specialize in 3 chief topics and 2 subordinate 1s for the A Level scrutiny. The O-Level and A-Level scrutinies are carried out by the University of Cambridge through the University of Cambridge International Examinations, which devises the course of study ; prepares and prints the scrutinies documents and does the rectification for most topics.TVET ( Technical and Vocational Education and Training )The chief supplier of the TVET plan is the Mauritius Institute of Training and Development ( MITD ) . The intent of the MITD is to offer legion proficient plans to supply human resource preparation to run into the demands of the universe of work at the in-between professional degree. The MITD besides presently besides provides classs at the degree of National Diploma. The TVET sector is regulated by the Mauritius Qualifications Authority which besides develops and maintains the national Qualifications Framework ( NQF ) .Tertiary sectorTertiary instruction which started in 1924 with the College of Agriculture has since developed into a diversified system, composed of public, private, regional and abroad establishments providing for a broad scope of classs and programmes. Third instruction in Mauritius is characterized by a broad scope of establishments with diverse features. Some provide all degrees of third instruction in a scope of subjects while others focus their activities on merely one or two countries at certain degrees. A figure of the establishments are overseas with their commissariats made available through the distance instruction and mix manner. Within the populace sector, third instruction revolves around the University of Mauritius ( UoM ) , the University of Technology ( UTM ) , the Mauritius Institute of Education ( MIE ) , the Mahatma Gandhi Institute ( MGI ) , the Mauritius Institute of Training and Development ( MITD ) and the Open University of Mauritius ( OUM ) . Oversing the four third instruction establishments ( TEIs ) is the Tertiary Education Commission ( TEC ) which, inter alia, has duty for apportioning public financess, and fosterage, planning and organizing the development of post-secondary instruction and preparation. In add-on to the above publicly-funded establishments ( PFIs ) , a figure of private establishments are soon presenting tertiary-level programmes, largely in niche countries like Information Technology, Law, Management, Accountancy and Finance. Many of the programmes in the private sector are offered in coaction with abroad establishments. Many Mauritanian pupils besides either travel overseas or fall back entirely to the unfastened acquisition manner in prosecuting their higher instruction surveies.The University of MauritiusThe University of Mauritius ( UOM ) is a national University in Mauritius. It is the oldest and largest university in the state in footings of pupil registration and course of study offered. The public university ‘s chief campus is located at Reduit, Moka. Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, who was accompanied by His Royal Highness the Duke of Edinburgh, inaugurated the University on 24th March 1972. Over the past decennaries, in response to the contemporary and emergent demands of the assorted sectors of the Mauritanian economic system, the university now has progressed from being a largely in-service preparation establishment to a fully-fledged university, concentrating progressively on unmarried man ‘s grades, graduate student programmes, research and consultancy. The university ‘s current strategic program, Strategic Directions 2006-2015, has the following six strategic waies: Knowledge creative activity Knowledge diffusion Investing in resources Choice civilization and good administration National, regional and international coactions Community outreach The University of Mauritius has committed itself to uninterrupted betterment and quality direction. These are the actions that the university is seeking to provide for: Guaranting relevancy – interact proactively with the universe of work and the community to provide for emergent demands while instilling a wider sense of belonging to the university. Guaranting quality of instruction and larning – enhance bing commissariats for uninterrupted betterment in the quality of instruction and acquisition, and work increasingly towards the execution of best pattern. Strengthen research – develop further the university ‘s research capacity and research direction program. Internationalize the university – better the international standing of the university and spread out its function and programme of activities. Amongst Mauritian universities the UoM stands out both in footings of its laterality with respect to registration and it legion pockets of excellence with respect to research. The UoM is the largest provider of third instruction locally, accounting for 22.2 % of entire higher instruction registration.FacultiesOriginally, the university had three schools, viz. Agriculture, Administration and Industrial Technology. It has since expanded to consist five modules, viz. Faculty Of Agriculture, Faculty Of Engineering, Faculty Of Law and Management, Faculty Of Science, and Faculty Of Social Studies & A ; Humanities. The modules are involved in learning, research and consultancy. It has besides a Centre for Medical Research and Studies, a Centre for Distance Education, a Centre for Information Technology and Systems, and a Consultancy Centre. Following these on-campus developments and enlargements, it resulted in a coincident addition in the figure and in the diverseness of programmes being o ffered, and the figure of pupils enrolled. The programmes of the University are internationally recognized and include choice confidence mechanisms such as the external tester system and affiliated with celebrated Universities worldwide. There is a Quality Assurance Office which helps the University in keeping and bettering the quality of all its activities. There are assorted exchange understandings that have been established between the UOM and abroad universities.Students UnionThe Students Union, established in 1971, is run by and for the pupils. It work in the involvement of pupils and on a regular basis organize assorted activities. All pupils are members, the rank fee being included in the enrollment. Students are really dynamic in forming extracurricular activities supported by the Public Relations Office.